The level of competitiveness of the countries of the world is one of the important criteria that considers many variables in micro and macro economies. This indicator plays an important role in preserving the survival of any country; in this regard, this paper aims to measure and analyze the competitiveness indices (GCI) in the West Asian region with an emphasis on Iran. The type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data gathering tool was compiled to examine the competitiveness indicators in the form of 12 major components and their data from the report (GCI). To analyze the data, Shannon Entropy models, Topsis, Scatter coefficient model, Moran's I spatial correlation method, and Arc Gis software are used. The results of this study indicate that the UAE, the occupation regime of Quds and Qatar, ranked first to third with the highest points of the TOPSIS ranking, while Iran with a score of 0. 51 points and a Yemeni country ranked 0. 51. With the lowest points it is in the last position. Other findings, using the dispersion coefficient model, showed that among the twelve components of global competitiveness, the highest levels of inequality in the labor market performance component (0. 742) and the lowest level of inequality in the components of institutions and higher education and human resource training (0. 390 ) have been. Also, the Moran index in all twelve components of competitiveness is less than one. We conclude that the distribution pattern of components in West Asian countries is a randomized (Random) pattern indicating the unplanned spatial distribution of competitiveness indicators.

One of the most important problems of text processing systems is the word mismatch problem. This results in limited access to the required information in information retrieval. This problem occurs in analyzing textual data such as news, or low accuracy in text classification and clustering. In this case, if the text-processing engine does not use similar/related words in the same sense, it may not be able to guide you to the appropriate result. Various statistical techniques have been proposed to bridge the vocabulary gap problem; e. g., if two words are used in similar contexts frequently, they have similar/related meanings. Synonym and similar words, however, are only one of the categories of related words that are expected to be captured by statistical approaches. Another category of related words is the pair of an original word in one language and its transliteration from another language. This kind of related words is common in non-English languages. In non-English texts, instead of using the original word from the target language, the writer may borrow the English word and only transliterate it to the target language. Since this kind of writing style is used in limited texts, the frequency of transliterated words is not as high as original words. As a result, available corpus-based techniques are not able to capture their concept. In this article, we propose two different approaches to overcome this problem: (1) using neural network-based transliteration, (2) using available tools that are used for machine translation/transliteration, such as Google Translate and Behnevis. Our experiments on a dataset, which is provided for this purpose, shows that the combination of the two approaches can detect English words with 89. 39% accuracy.

The research attempted to discover the norms of translating taboo words and concepts after the Islamic Revolution in Iran using Toury’s (1995) framework for classification of norms. The corpus of the study composed of Coelho’s novels between 1990 and 2005 and their Persian translations which were prepared and analyzed manually to discover the norms. During both the selection of novels for translation and the process of translating by translator norms were at work. It was also discovered that the translators of the novels complied with the target language norms, i.e. the translators had attempted to produce acceptable translations. Regarding preliminary norms, the research suggested that the translation policy was based on popularity of the author that could guarantee the salability of translations. The frequency of the norms suggested that euphemism with 37.87 percent was the dominant norm in translating taboo words and concepts. The frequency of the norms in each of the books, as well as their frequency in the entire corpus was measured and presented in tables and discussed. Finally, it was found out that the dominant ideology in Iran was a determining factor in the process of decision making by the translators.

Research on the scope and spread of Persian words in other languages is known as a significant issue in the field of etymological studies. The findings of such studies have led to publishing various papers and dictionaries nationally or internationally. In this case, for some reasons the English language has attracted much attention. Among the works which has studied the Persian loanwords in English, Mirfazaelian (2005) work entitled "The Dictionary of Persian Words in English" is the one which has been critically reviewed and criticized in this paper. In short, the deficiencies of this work have been descriptively and analytically studied in six categories. The findings show that the introduction of non-Persian words as Persian ones, the introduction of wrong examples, the presentation of incorrect equivalents and false meanings, the presentation of wrong transfer from Persian to English and so on are the main shortcomings seen in this etymological dictionary.

The portrayal of Iranian ancient events in Arabic literary texts play's an undeniable role in preserving and immortalizing the civilization and historical hardships of this country. One feature of Arabic language, especially in Abbasid dynasty, is the abundance of Persian words. A great many foreign words have entered the Arabic language in different historical period. As soon as the Arabs became acquainted with the culture of Sassanid they started to adopt themselves to this culture according to their needs and circumstances; this in turn led to introduction of many Sassanid Persian into Arabic language.Many of the words were arabicized and some were used as the source language. Abu-Navas, the avant-garde Abbasid poet, like many other poets of his time, was influenced by culture of his era and other civilized cultures especially that of Persian. This article is a research on Persian loan words in Abu-Navas' divan.

One of the challenges or difficulties in translating law texts is the necessity of classifying the terminologies for translators within languages. The notion of finding a classification of law terminologies is to facilitate and have a wide view to improve the quality of translation in the law texts within languages. For this purpose, the researchers of this study comprehended that there was not any classification of law terminologies between English and Persian languages. Primarily the material of this study was selected from some national and international law coursebooks. Then, the researchers intended to explicate a translation model for these two languages in terms of the qualitative design. As a result, by the analysis and comparison of the different theorists’ classifications of translating law terminologies within other languages from the past to the present time, and the researchers’ experiences of teaching legal texts translation within English and Persian languages, the translation of law terminologies of these two languages was classified into five categories through providing examples from the selected law coursebooks as follows: 1) differences in culture-bound concepts of law; 2) different English equivalents for one Persian equivalent; 3) different collocations; 4) faithfulness in transferring the meaning; and 5) transferring the same structure from a language to another. Based on the results, this model of classification can be very essential and useful for translators of such texts, educators in teaching the law text translation, and learners or students attended in ESP or EAP classes or courses.

Nowadays interpreting is one of the most important means of communicating between different communities. Interpreter should also do his/ her best to have a complete transmission of the message into the target language and the sender's intended effect on the receivers.When Translating, whether interpreting or translating, difficulties, based on their nature, can be divided into two broad categories called linguistic difficulties and cultural difficulties. The other feature, which can be applied to these categories, is the directionality of Translating. In this paper it was tried to analyze and study those linguistic and cultural difficulties which appear in simultaneous interpreting from Persian into English.

Although the contrastive analysis of objective complement (objective predicate) in Persian and English has been carried out by the researchers during the last few decades, because of the structural complexity of the construction on both theoretical and applied points of view, it seems to need further study and investigation. This paper deals with the topic on the minimalist approach with evidence from some English translated texts into Persian.

The expansion of Persian words in European languages is an important topic of discussion in the field of etymology which can be studied from different aspects including semantic changes, phonetic changes, transfer process, and the role of intermediary languages. Since, most of these words have been transferred indirectly, the study of the role and influence of the intermediary languages in this process seems important. The study of these languages indicates that the role of Arabic language is more outstanding, in a way, in many cases the most important European dictionaries in finding the root of these Arabicized Persian words have made mistakes and introduced them as Arabic words. This paper aims at studying some of the Persian words in European languages which have been transferred with the immediate intermediary of Arabic language. In this part, it has been tried to study this process in an analytic and descriptive way.